Smart Note Taker

How does it work?

          The Smart Pen optically records pen movements over a grid-enhanced paper CRF. Its mini camera captures stylus activity 100 times per second. Pen storage capacity can range to over 250 CRF pages. When docked, the pen (which is recharged while in the dock) initiates a connection to the PC. After a start prompt and the username and password are entered, data from the pen are automatically sent over the Internet to a secure Health Decisions server. The Smart Pen is one of several data entry options available from our integrated clinical trials system.

Abstract

The Smart NoteTaker is such a helpful product that satisfies the needs of the people in today’s technologic and fast life. This product can be used in many ways. The Smart NoteTaker provides taking fast and easy notes to people who are busy one’s self with something. With the help of Smart NoteTaker, people will be able to write notes on the air, while being busy with their work.

Smart Pen

The Smart Pen is a device that resembles a fat pen or stylus, but contains a tiny computer and a set of sophisticated sensors that record and analyze every motion, and then transmit this information to a nearby computer via infrared, radio or direct electric signal. A Smart Pen helps a computer to recognize handwritten or drawn input. A computer is treated as 1 level of Complexity higher in its ability to recognize the handwriting of anybody who uses a Smart Pen. Costs $50, weight is negligible.

Introduction

The Smart NoteTaker is good and helpful for blinds that think and write freely. Another place, where the product can play an important role, is where two people talks on the phone. The subscribers are apart from each other while their talk, and they may want to use figures or texts to understand themselves better. It’s also useful especially for instructors in presentations. The instructors may not want to present the lecture in front of the board. The drawn figure can be processed and directly sent to the server computer in the room. The server computer then can broadcast the drawn shape through network to all of the computers which are present in the room. By this way, the lectures are aimed to be more efficient and fun. This product will be simple but powerful. The product will be able to sense 3D shapes and motions that user tries to draw. The sensed information will be processed and transferred to the memory chip and then will be monitored on the display device. The drawn shape then can be broadcasted to the network or sent to a mobile device.

PC Note Taker

PC Notes Taker is the world's first device that captures natural handwriting on any surface onto a PC in real time. Based on a revolutionary electronic pen, PC Notes Taker displays the user's handwritten notes, memos or drawings on the computer, and stores the image for future use. PC Notes Taker is ideal for markets where handwritten input is essential, such as health, educational and financial sectors. Supplied with user-friendly software, PC Notes Taker is compatible with PCs and notebooks.

ExpeData Digital Pen

For those who have never progressed past the hunt-and-peck method of typing, British Telecommunications' research laboratory has come up with a prototype of an intelligent pen that records writing and translates it into text on a computer screen. Dubbed SmartQuill, the sleek and stylish prototype pen is different from other electronic pens on the market today in that users don't have to write on a special pad in order to record what they write. Instead, SmartQuill contains sensors that record movement by using the earth's gravity system, whether you write on paper or in the air. SmartQuill isn't all space age, though -- it contains an ink cartridge so that users can see what they write down on paper.

Conclusion

The system will try to improve a pen, which helps people get rid of typing problems on computer by the technology, which converts your handwriting to text format on your PC.  However, the technology provides opportunity to write on air, which means it, needs no any item to convert the typing to your computer such as 3D view. Beside this, it can also be used like all other classical pens. Therefore, this device will increase the capacity of noting the texts, lessons and projects you work on. One other fact that appears is similar products generally works in a way that they store the writing by memory systems and direct the data to computer. We will vanish this time lag by using a technology that the data will be sent to PC directly not by stored. It is sure it will be hard to eliminate the other products as our rivals, but our advantage in this market will be the properties of the device, which come to be its high mobility, versatile design and its ideal weight.

VoCable

Cable Modem Termination System

           The CMTS takes the traffic coming in from a group of customers on a single channel and routes it to an Internet service provider (ISP) for connection to the Internet. At the head-end, the cable providers will have, or lease space for a third-party ISP to have, servers for accounting and logging, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) for assigning and administering the IP addresses of all the cable system's users, and control servers for a protocol called CableLabs Certified Cable Modems -- formerly Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS), the major standard used by U.S. cable systems in providing Internet access to users.

Another benefit of the cable modem for Internet access is that, its performance doesn't depend on distance from the central cable office. A digital CATV system is designed to provide digital signals at a particular quality to customer households. On the upstream side, the burst modulator in cable modems is programmed with the distance from the head-end, and provides the proper signal strength for accurate transmission.

XGCM

          This module is responsible for providing MGCP embedded client functionality. It parses and processes each message received from an MGCP call agent. It reports detected events to the call agent, generates signals requested by the call agent, reports detected DTMF digits, and sets up connections requested by the call agent. This module is also responsible for forwarding audio packets received from the DSP to packet network interface and forwarding audio packets received from the packet network interface to the DSP.

Introduction

                   Voice (and fax) service over cable networks is known as cable-based Internet Protocol (IP) telephony. Cable based IP telephony holds the promise of simplified and consolidated communication services provided by a single carrier at a lower cost than consumers currently to pay to separate Internet, television and telephony service providers. Cable operators have already worked through the technical challenges of providing Internet service and optimizing the existing bandwidth in their cable plants to deliver high speed Internet access. Now, cable operators have turned their efforts to the delivery of integrated Internet and voice service using that same cable spectrum.

Putting both upstream and downstream data on the cable television system requires two types of equipment: a cable modem on the customer end and a cable modem termination system (CMTS) at the cable provider's end. Between these two types of equipment, all the computer networking, security and management of Internet access over cable television is put into place.

Tuner

          The tuner connects to the cable outlet, sometimes with the addition of a splitter that separates the Internet data channel from normal CATV programming. Since the Internet data comes through an otherwise unused cable channel, the tuner simply receives the modulated digital signal and passes it to the demodulator.

Fax Software

          This software performs a fax relay function by demodulating PCM data, extracting the relevant information, and packing the fax-line scan data into frames for transmission.

Unsolicited Grant Service(UGS)

          Cable networks are asymmetric, i.e., the downstream data received is streaming while the upstream data transmitted is either transmitted on a collision time fragment or must get a time slot or grant. Because requesting a grant can cause significant delay, UGS ensures that cable modems will be contacted at regular intervals without having to make separate requests. The concatenation process mentioned earlier can lighten UGS requirements and increase the efficient bandwidth.

Abstract

          Voice (and fax) service over cable networks is known as cable-based Internet Protocol (IP) telephony. Cable based IP telephony holds the promise of simplified and consolidated communication services provided by a single carrier at a lower cost than consumers currently to pay to separate Internet, television and telephony service providers.

Conclusion

          With the merging of telecom carriers, cable operators, and Internet service providers (ISPs), most experts agree that convergence is not merely a trend but an inevitability. The potential cost savings, consolidated billing, streamlined network management, and overall convenience are too compelling for service providers and customers to ignore. 

Smart Quill

Working Of Smartquill

                               SmartQuill is slightly larger than an ordinary fountain pen. Users can enter information into these applications by pushing a button on  the pen and writing down what they would like to enter .The SmartQuill does not need a screen to work. The really clever bit of the technology is its ability to read handwriting not only on paper but on any flat surface – horizontal or vertical. There is also a small three-line screen to read the information stored in the pen; users can scroll down the screen by tilting the pen slightly.

Abstract

          With the introduction of handheld computers, the present trend has started preferring small computers to do computation. This has made computer manufacturers to go for almost gadget like computers. Reducing the size of handheld computers can only be taken so far before they become unusable. Keyboards become so tiny you require needle-like fingers to operate them and screens that need constant cursor controls to read simple text.

Handwriting recognition software

          This software embedded in the microprocessor of the pen is used to recognize handwriting of the user. Pen works in conjunction with a regular PC on to which users install special handwriting recognition software. The handwriting recognition software translates movements in to text on screen.

Accelerometer Technology

          This technology uses a device called Accelerometer which is used  for measuring motion. A tiny accelerometer in a pen could be used to  detect the stops and starts, arcs and loops of handwriting, and transmit this  information to a small microprocessor that would make sense of it as text.  There's also the possibility of viewing a full page of text through a special monocular magnified "virtual" screen that could be built into the end of the pen. Invisible writing in air is achieved through this unique technology called accelerometer that monitors hand movements and can also be used as a ‘virtual hinge’ to scroll around the small screen on the pen and detect left or right-handed use.

Introduction

           Lyndsay Williams of Microsoft Research's Cambridge UK lab is the inventor of the Smartquill,a pen that can remember the words that it is used to write, and then transform them into computer text . The idea that "it would be neat to put all of a handheld-PDA type computer in a pen," came to the inventor in her sleep . “It’s the pen for the new millennium,” she says. Encouraged by Nigel Ballard, a leading consultant to the mobile computer industry, Williams took her prototype to the British Telecommunications Research Lab, where she was promptly hired and given money and institutional support for her project. The prototype, called SmartQuil, has been developed by world-leading research laboratories run by BT (formerly British Telecom) at Martlesham, eastern England. It is claimed to be the biggest revolution in handwriting since the invention of the pen.

Memory

          SmartQuill has 4MB EEPROM memory. At a time, up to 10 pages of notes can be stored locally on the pen. The data is stored in the memory on the pen until it is uploaded to the personal computer. SmartQuill works by measuring the pen's movements and matching them to the movements that produce letters and words programmed into its memory. It's similar to the way a microphone detects sound.

Accelerometer System

          Accelerometer sensors convert either linear or angular acceleration to an output signal. Accelerometer sensors use Newton’s second law of motion, F = m*a by measuring the force from acceleration on an object whose mass is known. There are many ways to measure the force exerted on the mass, called a proof mass, but the most common method used in accelerometer sensors is measuring the displacement of the mass when it is suspended by springs.

Applications

SmartQuill isn’t all space-age. It contains an ink cartridge so that users can see what they write on paper. Hence a simple application of SmartQuill is that it write notes on paper. This information recorded in the   pen  is then downloaded to PC .

Conclusion

               The estimated cost of this futuristic pen is around $200.SmartQuill supports two factors: small size and convenient use. The future of SmartQuill ensures all computation power the user needs right inside the pen.    Reducing the size of handheld computers can only be taken so far before they become unusable.

Tempest and Echelon

The Need for an Interception System

          Interception of messages is the major work for the intelligence agencies all over the world, to keep track of the spies and terrorists for preserving the security of the country from the leaking of sensitive documents and the terrorist attacks. By the work of the intelligence agencies the government is ensuring the security of the state. For that we have to enable our intelligence agencies with modern technologies like USA. For that we must setup an interception system. While developing this we have to consider about the privacy of common people and industrial organization.

Processing Of Electromagnetic Signals

          The form of espionage by technical means with which the public are most familiar is that which uses satellite photography. In addition, however, electromagnetic signals of any kind are intercepted and analysed (.signals intelligence, SIGINT). In the military field, certain electromagnetic signals, e.g. those from radar stations, may provide valuable information about the organisation of enemy air defences (.electronic intelligence, ELINT). In addition, electromagnetic radiation which could reveal details of the position of troops, aircraft, ships or submarines is a valuable source of information for an intelligence service. Monitoring other states, spy satellites which take photographs, and recording and decoding signals from such satellites, is also useful. The signals are recorded by ground stations, from low-orbit satellites or from quasi-geostationary SIGINT satellites. This aspect of intelligence operations using electromagnetic means consumes a large part of services. Interception capacity, however, this is not the only use made of technology.

 Introduction

          The notion of spying is a very sensitive topic after the September 11 attack of Terrorists in New York. In the novel 1984, George Orwell foretold a future where individuals had no expectation of privacy because the state monopolized the technology of spying.   Now the National security Agency Of USA developed a secret project to spy on people for keep tracing their messages to make technology enabled interception to find out the terrorist activities across the globe, named as Echelon. Leaving the technology ahead of the any traditional method of interception. 

The main theory behind the Tempest (Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Emanation Standard.) is that any electronic or electrical devices emit Electromagnetic radiations of specific key when it is operated. For example the picture tube of computer monitor emits radiations when it is scanned up on vertical of horizontal range beyond the screen. It will not cause any harm to a human and it is very small. But it has a specific frequency range. You can reproduce that electromagnetic waves by tracing with the powerful equipments and the powerful filtering methods to correct the errors while transmission from the equipment. Actually this electromagnetic waves are not necessary for a human being because it not coming from a transmitter, but we have a receiver to trace the waves.

Impulsive Emanations

 Impulsive emanations are quite common in Equipment under Tests processing digital signal, and are caused by very fast mark-to-space and space-to-mark transitions of digital signals. Impulsive emanations can be radiated into space or coupled into Equipment under Test external conductors. See Figure 2 below for the time and frequency domain representations.

Inside Tempest

          TEMPEST is a short name referring to investigations and studies of compromising emanations (CE). Compromising emanations are defined as unintentiorial intelligence-bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, disclose the national security information transmitted, received, handled or otherwise processed by any information-processing equipment. Compromising emanations consist of electrical or acoustical energy unintentionally emitted by any of a great number of sources within equipment/systems which process national security information.

Abstract

                 TEMPEST and ECHELON are the method of spying in a sophisticated manner; both are developed by National Security Agency (NSA) for monitoring the people. These technologies are originally developed for pure military espionage, but hackers use them now for spying in to other people’s activities. Echelon is the spying on a large network by sniffing through the words. It is the ongoing secret project of NSA and it’s counterparts in UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It can intercept as many as 2 million communications per hour through phone calls, faxes, e-mails, downloads, microwave, cellular, satellite communication etc.

Conclusion 

                   The interception of communication is the main function done by the intelligence agencies all over the world. The intelligence agencies are searching for the sophisticated methods for surveillance and spying from its own people and from its enemies. Here the scientists in the NSA developed the modern techniques for finding the interception of messages. And they developed a network known as the Echelon System. It made them to leap ahead of the hackers in one step.

Smart Dust

What is a smart dust?

 'Smart dust' — sensor-laden networked computer nodes that are just cubic millimetres in volume. The smart dust project envisions a complete sensor network node, including power supply, processor, sensor and communications mechanisms, in a single cubic millimetre.  .Smart dust motes could run for years , given that a cubic millimetre battery can store 1J and could be backed up with a solar cell or vibrational energy source.

          The goal of the Smart Dust project is to build a millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network.  This device will be around the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors, computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications, and a power supply. Smart dust consists of series of circuit and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) designs to cast those functions into custom silicon. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) consist of extremely tiny mechanical elements, often integrated together with electronic circuitry.     

                              

Core Functionality Specification

Choose the case of military base monitoring wherein on the order of a thousand Smart Dust motes are deployed outside a base by a micro air vehicle to monitor vehicle movement. The motes can be used to determine when vehicles were moving, what type of vehicle it was, and possibly how fast it was travelling. The motes may contain sensors for vibration, sound, light, IR, temperature, and magnetization. CCRs will be used for transmission, so communication will only be between a base station and the motes, not between motes. A typical operation for this scenario would be to acquire data, store it for a day or two, then upload the data after being interrogated with a laser. However, to really see what functionality the architecture needed to provide and how much reconfigurability would be necessary, an exhaustive list of the potential activities in this scenario was made.

Listening To A Dust Field

Many Smart Dust applications rely on direct optical communication from an entire field of dust motes to one or more base stations. These base stations must therefore be able to receive a volume of simultaneous optical transmissions. Further, communication must be possible outdoors in bright sunlight which has an intensity of approximately 1 kilowatt per square meter, although the dust motes each transmit information with a few milliwatts of power.

Abstract

          Advances in hardware technology have enabled very compact, autonomous and mobile nodes each having one or more sensors, computation and communication capabilities, and a power supply.  The Smart Dust project is exploring whether an autonomous sensing, computing, and communication system can be packed into a cubic-millimeter mote to form the basis of integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. It focuses on reduction of power consumption, size and cost.

Passive Reflective Systems

The passive reflective communication is obtained by a special device called CCR (Corner cube retro reflector) consists of three mutually orthogonal mirrors. Light enters the CCR, bounces off each of the three mirrors, and is reflected back parallel to the direction it entered. In the MEMS version, the device has one mirror mounted on a spring at an angle slightly askew from perpendicularity to the other mirrors.

Communicating From A Grain Of Sand

Smart Dust’s full potential can only be attained when the sensor nodes communicate with one another or with a central base station. Wireless communication facilitates simultaneous data collection from thousands of sensors. There are several options for communicating to and from a cubic-millimeter computer.  Radio-frequency and optical communications each have their strengths and weaknesses. Radio-frequency communication is well under-stood, but currently requires minimum power levels in the multiple milliwatt range due to analog mixers, filters, and oscillators. If whisker-thin antennas of centimeter length can be accepted as a part of a dust mote, then reasonably efficient antennas can be made for radio-frequency communication. While the smallest complete radios are still on the order of a few hundred cubic millimeters, there is active work in the industry to produce cubic-millimeter radios.

Summary

Smart dust is made up of thousands of sand-grain-sized sensors that can measure ambient light and temperature. The sensors -- each one is called a "mote" -- have wireless communications devices attached to them, and if you put a bunch of them near each other, they'll network themselves automatically. These sensors, which would cost pennies each if mass-produced, could be plastered all over office buildings and homes. Each room in an office building might have a hundred or even a thousand light- and temperature-sensing motes, all of which would tie into a central computer that regulates energy usage in the building. 

Satrack

Abstract

          The origin of the missile can be traced back to the roman war machine the catapult. The guided missile was born when Werner Von Siemens suggested a guide torpedo for submarines in the late 19th century. From these beginnings the present day trident and tomahawk are guided from the skies using the GPS signals. This seminar deals with the measurement concept that tests the missile accuracy. SATRACK receives, rebroadcast, records and tracks the satellite signals sent by the GPS signals. The reception and rebroadcast of the signals is done by a missile hardware called the GPS translator.

Portable Ground Equipment

          This hardware is used for the post flight processing and tracking of the satellite signals. The SATRACK facility processes the raw data into a time series of range and Doppler measurements for each satellite, and the Kalman filter, which incorporates various corrections and generates a navigation solution for the missile. The system has undergone a lot of redesign and development as the requirements evolved with new type of translators and receivers. The latest system processes the wideband L1/L2 signals dual frequency P-code as required by wide band translators. The system hardware is based on Analog Device SHARC processor. Most of the custom GPS processing hardware is based on field programmable gate arrays [FPGA]. Each board has the ability to track up to eight channels. The user interface is done using windows based PC workstations.

Batch Mode Processing

          This type of processing allows hardware to operate with software like flexibility. As the pure software system was too slow, hardware that is fully configurable under software control implemented the most computing intensive portions of the process such as signal correlation, generation of local code and carrier signal mixing. It is possible to acquire the signal with virtually no acquisition delay by conducting extensive searches with initial batch of data until all the signals are found.

Field Support Equipment

          SATRACK is the most useful tool because of its post flight processing facility .The ground equipment consists of receiving antenna, data recorder and auxiliary reference timing systems. The equipment receives the translated GPS signal along with other telemetry signals and distributes it to the data recorder. Most ground stations are capable of generating a precise atomic timing standard. The earlier equipments were narrowband recorders that relied on high-speed tape recorders. These gave up to 14 tracks of recording channels with four mega samples per second. The translator processing system was developed for the national missile defence exoatmospheric re-entry intercept subsystem where it served as a real-time GPS processor for range safety as well as data recorder.

Introduction

          According to the dictionary guidance is the ‘process of guiding the path of an object towards a given point, which in general may be moving’. The process of guidance is based on the position and velocity if the target relative to the guided object. The present day ballistic missiles are all guided using the global positioning system or GPS.GPS uses satellites as instruments for sending signals to the missile during flight and to guide it to the target. SATRACK is a system that was developed to provide an evaluation methodology for the guidance system of the ballistic missiles. This was developed as a comprehensive test and evaluation program to validate the integrated weapons system design for nuclear powered submarines launched ballistic missiles.this is based on the tracking signals received at the missile from the GPS satellites.

Full Digital Implementation

          The full digital implementation is of the Portable ground equipment and processing facility. So, the results are expected to be repeatable. This is a very big improvement over the Analog circuitry such as the Analog PLLs used for carrier- phase tracking loop. In addition, the digital implementation removes the need for periodic hardware calibration that accompanies the analog circuits.

Conclusion

          SATRACK is a significant contributor to the successful development of and operational success of the trident weapons system. It provides a unique monitoring function that is critical to the maintenance of strategic weapons systems. The development and research leading up to this technology has been instrumental in bringing out the latest in GPS receiver, translators, data recorders etc.several special test have been conducted with various combinations of inertial systems, GPS receivers, translators as well as RF/antenna designs.